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Transport / Mitjans de transport / Transport marítim
Periodisme
Aliments i begudes
Vins / Enologia / Viticultura
Cosmètica, bellesa
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Rates per language pair: Anglès a Portuguès – Tarifa ordinària: 0.08 GBP per paraula / 25 GBP per hora Espanyol a Portuguès – Tarifa ordinària: 0.08 GBP per paraula / 25 GBP per hora Portuguès – Tarifa ordinària: 0.08 GBP per paraula / 25 GBP per hora Portuguès a Anglès – Tarifa ordinària: 0.08 GBP per paraula / 25 GBP per hora Espanyol a Anglès – Tarifa ordinària: 0.08 GBP per paraula / 25 GBP per hora
Translation Volum: 18800 words Duration: Feb 2011 to Mar 2011 Languages: Espanyol a Anglès
Clinical Trial Protocol- 62 Pages (Spain)
Clinical Trial Protocol on Experimental (Stem) Cell Therapy treating patients undergoing a Hepatectomy.
Medicina (general)
Sense comentaris.
Editing/proofreading Volum: 26 pages Completat: Mar 2011 Languages: Anglès
Website Localisation US > UK English (Fitness Equipment)
Localisation of 26 Webpages from US English to UK English. The websites were on a particular brand of fitness equipment and fitness training using said piece of equipment.
Editing/proofreading Volum: 1500 words Completat: Jul 2011 Languages: Català a Anglès
FORENSIC MEDICAL REPORT OF NECROPSY
Post mortem report
Medicina (general)
Sense comentaris.
Translation Volum: 220 words Completat: Apr 2011 Languages: Portuguès a Anglès
Promotional text about a Brazilian Coffee Plantation
Promotional text about a Brazilian Coffee Plantation, with information on the customs related to drinking coffee, as well as its cultivation and harvesting processes.
Post-editing Volum: 1110 words Completat: Apr 2011 Languages: Espanyol a Anglès
Post-edit on Luxury Watches and Jewellery
Post-edit on a leading brand of Luxury Watches and Jewellery, its recent news and activities, and detailed information about the products it's launched.
One page Certifying Statement (of Marriage) Translation (Venezuela)
One page Certifying Statement of a Marriage which took place in Venezuela.
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Traduccions de mostra trameses: 6
Espanyol a Anglès: Clinical Trial (extract) - Ensayo Clínico (fragmento) General field: Medicina Detailed field: Medicina (general)
Text d'origen - Espanyol 5. JUSTIFICACION Y OBJETIVOS
5.1.1. LA REGENERACIÓN HEPATICA
La regeneración hepática es una respuesta fundamental del hígado ante el daño tisular. La compleja interacción de factores que determinan esta respuesta envuelve un estímulo (experimentalmente, una hepatectomía), expresión de genes, síntesis de diversos factores de crecimiento y la interacción de otros factores que modulan la respuesta. El estudio del fenómeno ha permitido encontrar una serie de pistas que ayudan a comprender la organogénesis y la manera como se producen las señales que determinan las respuestas observadas.
En 1931, Higgins y Anderson observaron en ratas sometidas a una hepatectomía parcial, en las que extirpaban 2/3 del hígado dejando intactos los lóbulos restantes, que éstos crecían rápidamente hasta restablecer la masa hepática original en 5 a 7 días. Otros estudios, en perros, monos y humanos, han establecido que la respuesta regenerativa es proporcional a la cantidad de hígado removida. Incluso resecciones pequeñas, menos del 10% de la masa hepática, dan como resultado una respuesta que lleva a la recuperación del tamaño original. Ello también sucede con el órgano in toto: al transplantar el hígado de un babuino en un ser humano, el hígado aumenta rápidamente de tamaño y dentro de una semana alcanza el tamaño del hígado humano. El fenómeno también se observa a la inversa. Al transplantar un hígado de un perro grande a uno de menor tamaño, la masa del hígado transplantado disminuye hasta que se hace proporcional al nuevo cuerpo. Estos estudios demuestran que la masa hepática es regulada en forma precisa y que las señales pueden tener efectos positivos o negativos sobre dicha masa.
En contraste con otros tejidos capaces de regeneración (médula ósea, piel), la regeneración hepática no depende de un grupo de células germinales (stem cells) sino que se produce por la proliferación de todas las células maduras remanentes: los hepatocitos (las células funcionales principales), células epiteliales biliares (que recubren los canalículos), células endoteliales fenestradas (que recubren los sinusoides hepáticos y permiten una intercambio directo entre la sangre y los hepatocitos), células de Kupffer (macrófagos en los sinusoides) y las células de Ito (células estrelladas cuyos largos procesos envuelven a los hepatocitos, que almacenan vitamina A, sintetizan diferentes proteínas del tejido conectivo y secretan diferentes factores de crecimiento). Todas proliferan para restablecer el tejido perdido pero la velocidad de su respuesta es diferente. Los hepatocitos son los primeros en proliferar, primero alrededor del espacio periportal y luego extendiéndose hacia las venas centrales. Las otras células proliferan después de los hepatocitos hecho que sugiere que son los estos los que producen el estímulo para dicha proliferación. La figura 1 muestra la secuencia de la síntesis de DNA para cada tipo de célula luego de la hepatectomía en ratas.
La arquitectura hepática se reestablece siguiendo una secuencia determinada. Unos pocos días después de la hepatectomía se observan acúmulos de hepatocitos como resultado de su activa proliferación. Luego, los procesos de las células de Ito penetran estos acúmulos y producen diferentes tipos de laminina de manera que, eventualmente, los hepatocitos se reacomodan para formar las placas hepáticas típicas del hígado maduro. Los capilares de los acúmulos, revestidos de la membrana basal capilar, cambian a la estructura sinusoidal con escasa matriz y revestidos de las células fenestradas y con presencia de células de Kupffer.
El proceso ha sido repetido hasta con 12 hepatectomías sucesivas sin que dé signos de agotamiento. La capacidad clonogénica del hepatocito también parece ser ilimitada. En modelos en que el hígado es incapaz de sostener la vida del animal, unos 1000 hepatocitos aislados inyectados en ese hígado crecen formando acúmulos, iguales a los descritos en el modelo de hepatectomías parciales, y restablecen finalmente la masa hepática original salvando la vida del animal. Modelos matemáticos permiten calcular que un solo hepatocito da origen a 1,7 x 1010 células al cabo de un mínimo de 34 divisiones celulares.
Estudios con cultivos de células hepáticas han mostrado que bajo el estímulo del factor de crecimiento de los hepatocitos (HGF) y del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGF), los hepatocitos sufren primero un proceso de desdiferenciación y luego uno de rediferenciación para formar ya sea hepatocitos maduros o estructuras semejantes a ductos biliares. Esto muestra que los hepatocitos no son células difererenciadas terminalmente lo que es inesperado dado la gran complejidad de las funciones de un hepatocito maduro. Incluso más espectacular que esto, es la capacidad de los hepatocitos de proliferar mientras mantienen simultáneamente sus funciones esenciales: regulación de la glucosa, síntesis de proteínas, secreción de bilis y biodegradación de toxinas. Estas funciones se mantienen incluso si sólo queda un tercio del órgano y el 90% de las células residuales están proliferando. Esta actividad se debe a la interacción de diversos eventos complejos como la regulación de la matriz, disolución y luego resíntesis de los diferentes dominios de membrana especializados del hepatocito y la alineación y coordinación de unos 150 cromosomas en cada mitosis.
¿Qué gatilla la respuesta regenerativa, cómo se regulan las diferentes etapas y cómo se detiene el proceso? Las investigaciones hasta ahora dejan muchas interrogantes, pero han permitido establecer una serie de hechos. El primero es que las señales mitogénicas son producidas por elementos que aparecen rápidamente en la sangre y que son llevadas a los hepatocitos remanentes y estimulan su proliferación. Tejido hepático transplantado a sitios extrahepáticos también aumenta la síntesis de DNA luego de la hepatectomía. Elegantemente, ratas unidas a través de una circulación parabiótica, muestran que al hacer la hepatectomía en una de ellas, el hígado de la otra se regenera también, observándose el efecto máximo cuando la hepatectomía es total.
Existen factores de crecimiento envueltos directamente en la respuesta mitogénica y una serie de otros factores que actuarían indirectamente pero cuya presencia es indispensable para generar los estímulos mitogénicos apropiados. Dentro de los primeros estaría el factor de crecimiento de los hepatocitos (HGF) que aumenta rápidamente luego de la hepatectomía, el factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGF), y el factor de crecimiento transformador-a (TGF-a). HGF y TGF-a se producirían en los mismos hepatocitos y EGF en las glándulas de Brunner en el duodeno, llegando al hígado a través de la circulación portal. Junto con éstos, es necesaria la presencia de otros sistemas de señales que aparecen como necesarios para la producción de estos factores o bien para que estos produzcan sus efectos: citoquinas, insulina y noradrenalina. La interacción de estos factores aparece resumida en la figura 2 en la página siguiente.
Las citoquinas, especialmente la IL-6 y TNF- a, secretadas por las células de Kupffer, aparecen como especialmente importantes en los mecanismos iniciales de la regeneración. La insulina, si bien no tiene efectos mitogénicos directos sobre los hepatocitos, es indispensable para que las señales mitogénicas actúen apropiadamente. Igualmente, la noradrenalina tampoco actúa como mitógeno, pero amplifica la acción de HGF y EGF a través de la activación del receptor adrenérgico a1, y, además, induciendo la secreción de EGF por parte de las glándulas de Brunner.
Traducció - Anglès 5. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES
5.1.1 HEPATIC REGENERATION
Hepatic regeneration is a vital response from the liver to tissue damage. The complex interaction between factors which determine this response involve a stimulus (experimentally, a hepatectomy), gene expression, synthesis of a wide variety of growth factors, and the interaction of other factors which modulate the response. The study of the phenomenon has allowed for the finding of a series of clues which help to better comprehend organogenesis and the manner in which the signs that determine the responses observed are produced.
In 1931, Higgins & Anderson observed in rats that had been subjected to a partial hepatectomy, in which they had extracted two thirds of the liver whilst leaving the remaining lobes intact, that these grew rapidly until they reached the original hepatic mass in 5 to 7 days. Other studies on dogs, monkeys and humans, have established that the regenerative response is proportional to the amount of the liver removed. Including in small resections – less than 10% of the hepatic mass – result in a response which leads to the recuperation of the original size. This also happens with in toto organs: when transplanting the liver of a baboon into a human being, the liver increases in size rapidly and within a week it reaches the size of a human liver.
The phenomenon can also be observed the opposite way around. When transplanting the liver of a large dog into a smaller dog, the mass of the liver reduces until it becomes proportional to the new body. These studies demonstrate that hepatic mass is precisely regulated and that the signs can have positive or negative effects on it.
In contrast to other tissues capable of regenerating (bone marrow, skin), hepatic regeneration does not depend on a group of stem cells, on the contrary, it is produced via the proliferation of all the remaining mature cells: hepatocytes (the principle functioning cells), biliary epithelial cells (which cover the canaliculi), fenestrated endothelial cells (which cover the hepatic sinusoids and allow a direct exchange between blood and the hepatocytes), Kupffer cells (macrophages in the sinusoids) and Ito cells (stellate cells whose long processes involve the hepatocytes, which store vitamin A, synthesise various connective tissue proteins and secrete various growth factors). All of these proliferate in order to re-establish the lost tissue, but the speed of their responses varies. Hepatocytes are the first to proliferate, at first around the periportal zone and then spreading towards the central veins. The other cells proliferate after the hepatocytes, a fact which suggests that these are the cells which stimulate said proliferation. Figure 1 shows the sequence of DNA synthesis for each type of cell after hepatectomy in rats.
The architecture of the liver is re-established following a particular sequence. Just a few days after the hepatectomy, one can observe the accumulation of hepatocytes as a result of their active proliferation. Then, the processes of the Ito cells penetrate these accumulations and produce different types of laminins, so that eventually, these hepatocytes rearrange themselves to form the typical hepatic plates of a mature liver. The capillaries in the accumulations, covered by the capillary basement membrane, change the sinusoidal structure with little matrix and covered by fenestrated cells and in the presence of Kupffer cells.
The process has been repeated with up to 12 successive hepatectomies without showing signs of exhaustion. The clonogenic capacity of hepatocyte also seems to be unlimited. In models where the liver is unable to sustain the life of the animal, some 1000 isolated hepatocytes injected into the liver grow to form accumulations, the same as the ones described in the partial hepatectomies, and finally re-establish the original hepatic mass, saving the life of the animal. Mathematic models allow us to calculate that one single hepatocyte can grow into 1.7 x 1010 cells after a minimum of 34 cell divisions.
Studies with cultures of hepatic cells have shown that stimulated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocytes are the first to undergo a process of dedifferentiation and later a redifferentiation, in order to form – be they mature hepatocytes or structures similar to those of bile ducts. This shows us that hepatocytes are not terminally differentiated cells, which was unexpected given the great complexity of the functions of a mature hepatocyte. What is even more spectacular than this is the ability of hepatocytes to proliferate whilst simultaneously maintaining their essential functions: glucose regulation, synthesis of proteins, bile secretion and biodegradation of toxins. These functions are even maintained if there is only one third of the organ remaining and 90% of the residual cells are proliferating. This activity is due to the interaction of various complex events, such as the regulation of the matrix, dissolution and later resynthesis of the different specialised membrane domains of the hepatocyte and the alignment and co-ordination of around 150 chromosomes in each mitosis.
What triggers the regenerative response? How are the different stages regulated? How can the process be detained? Investigations until now leave a lot of questions unanswered, but they have allowed for the establishment of a series of facts. The first is that mitogenic signals are produced by elements which appear rapidly in the blood and are carried to the remaining hepatocytes where they stimulate their proliferation. Hepatic tissue transplanted to extrahepatic sites also increases DNA synsthesis soon after the hepatectomy. Elegantly, rats joined via parabiotic circulation, show that when carrying out a hepatectomy on one of them, the the other’s liver also regenerated, allowing us to observe the maximum effect when the hepatectomy is total.
There are growth factors which are directly involved in the mitogenic response and a series of other factors which act indirectly but whose presence is indispensable in order to generate the appropriate asdimaspodim stimuli. Among the first is hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which increases rapidly soon after the hepatectomy, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-a). HGF and TGF-a are produced within the hepatocytes and EGF in the duodenal Brunner’s glands, arriving in the liver via portal circulation. Together with these, the presence of other systems of signs is necessary, which appear to be needed either for the production of these factors, or so that these factors are able to produce their effects: cytokines, Insulin and noradrenaline. The interaction between these factors appears in Figure 2, which follows shortly.
Cytokines, especially IL-6 and TNF-α, secreted by Kupffer cells, appear to be especially important in the initial mechanisms of regeneration. Insulin, although it doesn’t have direct mitogenic effects on hepatocytes, it is indispensable for the mitogenic signals to work properly. Similarly, noradrenaline doesn’t act as a mitogen either, but amplifies the action of HGF and EGF through the activation of the adrenergic receptor a1, and furthermore, inducing the secretion of EGF via the Brunner’s glands.
Anglès a Portuguès: British Medical Journal Article - Epilepsy General field: Medicina Detailed field: Medicina (general)
Text d'origen - Anglès Risk of recurrence after a first seizure and implications for driving: further analysis of the Multicentre study of early Epilepsy and Single Seizures
Objective: To determine for how long after a first unprovoked seizure a driver must be seizure-free before the risk of recurrence in the next 12 months falls below 20%, enabling them to regain their driving licence.
Design: Randomised controlled trial: Multicentre study of early Epilepsy and Single Seizures (MESS).
Setting: UK hospital outpatient clinics from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 2000.
Participants: People entered MESS if they had had one or more unprovoked seizures and both the participant and the clinician were uncertain about the need to start antiepileptic drug treatment. The subset of people used for this analysis comprised participants aged at least 16 years with a single unprovoked seizure.
Main outcome measure: Risk of seizure recurrence in the 12 months after a seizure-free period of 6, 12, 18, or 24 months from the date of the first (index) seizure. Regression modelling was used to investigate how antiepileptic treatment and several clinical factors influence the risk of seizure recurrence.
Results: At six months after the index seizure, the risk of recurrence in the next 12 months for those who start antiepileptic drugs was significantly below 20% (unadjusted risk 14%, 95% confidence interval 10% to 18%). For patients who did not start treatment the risk estimate was less than 20% but the upper limit of the confidence interval was greater than 20% (18%, 13% to 23%). Multivariable analyses identified subgroups with a significantly greater than 20% risk of seizure recurrence in the 12 months after a six month seizure-free period, such as those with a remote symptomatic seizure with abnormal electroencephalogram results.
Conclusion: After a single unprovoked seizure this reanalysis of MESS provides estimates of seizure recurrence risks that will inform policy and guidance about regaining an ordinary driving licence. Further guidance is needed as to how such data should be utilised; in particular, whether a population approach should be taken with a focus on the unadjusted results or whether attempts should be made to individualise risk. Guidance is also required as to whether the focus should be on risk estimates only or on the confidence interval as well. If the focus is on the estimate only our unadjusted estimates suggest that treated and untreated patients are eligible to drive after being seizure-free for six months. If the focus is also on confidence intervals, direction is needed as to whether a conservative or liberal approach should be taken.
Traducció - Portuguès Risco de recorrência após uma primeira crise epiléptica e implicações para dirigir: análise aprofundada do estudo multicêntrico de Epilepsia e Crise Epiléptica única
Objetivo: Determinar por quanto tempo após uma primeira crise epiléptica não provocada um motorista deve estar em um período isento de crises, antes do risco de recorrência nos próximos 12 meses cair abaixo de 20%, permitindo a eles a reaquisição da Carteira Nacional de Habilitação.
Tipo de estudo: Estudo randomizado controlado: Estudo Multicêntrico de Epilepsia e Crise epiléptica única (MESS).
Local: Ambulatórios de hospitais do Reino Unido de 1 de janeiro de 1993 a 31 de dezembro de 2000.
Participantes: Participaram no MESS pessoas que tiveram uma ou mais crises epilépticas não provocadas e cujos participantes e clínicos gerais estavam inseguros sobre a necessidade de iniciar um tratamento com droga antiepiléptica. O subgrupo de pessoas usadas para esta análise compreende participantes com idade mínima de 16 anos com pelo menos uma crise epiléptica não provocada.
Medida do principal efeito: Risco de recorrência de crise epiléptica nos 12 meses após um período isento de crises de 6, 12, 18 ou 24 meses da data da primeira crise. Modelo de regressão foi usado para investigar como um tratamento antiepiléptico e vários fatores clínicos influenciam o risco de recorrência de uma crise epiléptica.
Resultados: Após seis meses da primeira crise epiléptica, o risco de recorrência nos 12 meses seguintes para aqueles que iniciaram com drogas antiepilépticas foi significativamente menor que 20% (risco não ajustado 14%, 95% intervalo de confiança 10% a 18%). Para pacientes que não iniciaram tratamento, o risco estimado foi menor que 20%, entretanto o limite superior do intervalo de confiança foi maior que 20% (18%, 13% para 23%). Análises multivariáveis identificaram subgrupos com um risco de recorrência de crise epiléptica significativamente maior do que 20% nos 12 meses após o período de 6 meses isento de crises, como aqueles com uma crise sintomática remota com resultado de eletroencefalograma anormal.
Conclusão: Após uma crise epiléptica não provocada, esta reanálise do Estudo Multicêntrico de Epilepsia e Crise epiléptica única fornece estimativas do risco de recorrência de crises epilépticas, o qual informará o departamento de políticas e conselhos sobre a reaquisição da Carteira Nacional de Habilitação. Mais conselhos são necessários no sentido de definir como tais dados devem ser utilizados; em particular, se uma abordagem populacional deve ser realizada com um foco nos resultados não ajustados ou se tentativas devem ser feitas para individualizar o risco. Conselhos são também necessários para definir se o foco deve ser apenas no risco estimado ou incluir também o intervalo de confiança. Se o foco for apenas no risco estimado, nossa estimativa não ajustada sugere que pacientes tratados e não tratados estão aptos a dirigir após seis meses isentos de crises. Se o foco incluir também o intervalo de confiança, direções são necessárias para definir se abordagens mais conservadoras ou liberais devem ser adotadas.
Portuguès a Anglès: Website translation General field: Empresa/Finances Detailed field: Assegurances
Text d'origen - Portuguès Quem Somos
A CARES Multiassistance. S.A, é uma empresa resultante de um processo de joint-venture entre o Grupo Caixa Geral de Depósitos e o grupo Multiasistencia S.A.. efectuada no ano de 2008.
A empresa tem por objecto social a prestação de serviços de reparação, restauro, montagem e melhoramentos a realizar em imóveis e respectivos recheios, na qual é líder de mercado.
Temos como missão prestar aos nossos clientes elevados níveis de eficiência e qualidade. A nossa estrutura tem por base o rigor existente nas plataformas de atendimento e gestão, a prestação de serviços de reparação através de um rede de profissionais com cobertura nacional, o modelo de integração vertical de unidades autónomas de reparação e a solidez das tecnologias de informação que disponibilizamos aos principais intervenientes no processo de regularização de sinistros.
Salientamos a introdução nos dois principais centros urbanos do país das nossas unidades autónomas de reparação. Este modelo de integração vertical tem por objectivo a redução dos custos processuais na gestão de sinistros – nos seus tempos médios e custos de intervenção, o controlo de fraude e a o risco de overscoping geralmente existente no mercado de empresas de reparação. Para este efeito, utilizamos uma tabela de preços convencionada com todos os nossos clientes, contratualmente definidas com todos os prestadores de serviços de reparação.
Contamos com a sua colaboração e sugestões ao nosso serviço.
Trabalha com a CMA
Se estás interessado em fazer parte da nossa equipa, faz-nos chegar os teus dados
Traducció - Anglès About us
CARES Multiassistance S.A. is the resulting company of a joint-venture process between the Caixa Geral de Depósitos group and Multiasistencia S.A. Group which was carried out in 2008.
The company’s main objectives are to provide services including repairs, restoration, construction and improvements to homes, and their respective decoration, in which it is the market leader.
Our mission is to provide our clients with high levels of efficiency and quality. Our structure at base level has strong Customer Service and Administration platforms, provision of repair services via a network of professionals with nation-wide coverage, the vertical integration model of independent repair contractors and the soundness of the IT systems that we have available for use by the principal parties in the various handling stages of claim management.
We highlight the introduction of our Independent Repair Contractors (IRCs) in the two main urban areas of the country. Our Vertical integration model’s main objective is the reduction of processing costs in Claim Management – in their average time-spans and intervention costs, the control of fraud and risk of overscoping which widely exists in the repair company market. To obtain this effect, we use a conventional pricing table with all of our clients, contractually defined with all our repair service providers.
We welcome your collaboration and suggestions regarding our service.
Work with CMA
If you’re interested in becoming a part of our team, send us your C.V.
Espanyol a Anglès: Letter of Recognition - Mexican Government, Becarios-CONACyT Detailed field: General / Conversació / Salutacions / Cartes
Text d'origen - Espanyol Estimado becario:
A nombre del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, me es grato presentarle nuestra congratulación y hacerle un amplio reconocimiento por su tenacidad académica y alto compromiso profesional al haber obtenido exitosamente el grado de 'Doctor of Philosophy' que le confiere Imperial College London, valiosa meta en su proyecto de vida académica para la cual el CONACyT en correspondencia a su talento y calidad le ha brindado apoyo, durante el período de octubre 2006 a junio 2010 con los siguientes datos de referencia : No de Beca XXXX y de No de Registro XXXX.
El acrecentamiento de la calidad y competitividad son importantes ventajas que impulsa el Programa de Formación y Desarrollo de Científicos y Tecnólogos (PFDCyT) particularmente cuando se trata de la posibilidad de acceder al mundo del trabajo y al ejercicio responsable de la ciudadanía. De ahí, que el hecho de concretar su proyecto académico da testimonio del éxito de las metas del Programa, mismas que se expresarán con mayor impacto, a su desempeño como profesional de alto nivel.
Con la certeza que la sociedad mexicana se verá retribuida con sus conocimientos le damos la más cordial bienvenida a la comunidad de Exbecarios-CONACyT, conformada por un selecto grupo de talentos como usted, consolidan día a día de manera sostenida la capacidad científica y tecnológica de México.
De conformidad con el Capítulo VII, Artículo 27 del Reglamento de Becas del Programa de Fomento, Formación, Desarrollo y Vinculación de Recursos Humanos de Alto Nivel y el Artículo 26 del Estatuto Orgánico del CONACyT, hacemos de su conocimiento que Usted no cuenta con adeudo alguno derivado de los compromisos que adquirió con motivo del otorgamiento de la beca-CONACyT.
Reitero a usted mis felicitaciones, aprovecho para exhórtale a participar activamente en la comunidad científica y tecnológica de nuestro País, clave para el desarrollo y competitividad de México.
Cordialmente,
Traducció - Anglès Dear Fellow,
In name of the National Science & Technology Council, I congratulate you and give you our full recognition regarding your academic persistence, and high professional commitment on successfully obtaining the classification of Doctor of Philosophy, awarded by the Imperial College London. This was a valuable target in your academic career, for which, in recognition of your talent and quality, CONACYT offered its support throughout the period of October 2006 to June 2010 with the following reference details: Scholarship No. XXXX, and Registration No. XXXX.
The growth of quality and competitiveness are important advantages which drive the Programme for the Training & Development of Scientists and Technicians (PFDCyT) particularly when it comes to the potential of getting into the world of work and citizenship responsibilities. Therefore, the fact that you have solidly completed your academic programme gives proof of the success of the goals of our Programme, which will be further expressed with greater impact through your performance as a high calibre professional.
Given the certainty that Mexican society will benefit from your knowledge, we cordially welcome you into the community of CONACyT previous scholarship holders, composed of a select group of talents such as yourself, which day after day continually strengthen the scientific and technological capacity in Mexico.
In accordance with Chapter VII, Article 27 of the Ruling for Scholarships on the Promotion, Training, Development & Allocation of High Calibre Human Resources Programme, and Article 26 of the Fundamental Principles of CONACyT, we make it known that you do not owe any debt incurred in the provisions you received via the CONACyT Scholarship.
I reiterate my congratulations, and would like to urge you to actively participate in the scientific & technological community in our country, Mexico’s key to development and competitiveness.
Regards,
Portuguès a Anglès: Article from 'A Folha de São Paulo' Newspaper General field: Altres Detailed field: Periodisme
Text d'origen - Portuguès A Coreia do Sul anunciou hoje manobras militares na segunda metade do ano dirigidas a prevenir a proliferação armamentista da Coreia do Norte, como resposta ao ataque a uma corveta sul-coreana em março que causou a morte de 46 marinheiros.
Em entrevista coletiva, o ministro da defesa sul-coreano, Kim Tae-young, disse que a marinha sul-coreana realizará na península estes exercícios militares no marco da Iniciativa internacional de Segurança contra a Proliferação de armas de destruição em massa.
Também participará ativamente em manobras conjuntas que acontecem em setembro na Austrália, acrescentou o ministro.
A pesar de Seul não participar dos exercícios internacionais da iniciativa para não provocar Pyongyang, em maio de 2009, após o segundo teste nuclear norte-coreano, decidiu se unir como observador e agora defende uma participação mais ativa.
Além disso, Seul prevê realizar junto com os Estados Unidos manobras anti-submarino em águas sul-coreanas e retomará táticas de guerra psicológica contra o regime comunista da Coreia do Norte, como atos de propaganda através de alto-falantes na região desmilitarizada, suspensos desde 2004.
Estas medidas têm como objetivo evitar que a Coreia do Norte “realize mais provocações e para que reconheçam que uma ação ilegal conduzirá à consequente resposta”, disse o ministro da Defesa.
Pouco depois deste anúncio, o regime norte-coreano, com sua habitual retórica bélica, assegurou que disparará contra os alto-falantes da zona desmilitarizada no caso de Seul emitir propaganda.
Traducció - Anglès South Korea announced today military maneuvers in the second half of the year, aimed at preventing arms proliferation in North Korea, as a response to the attack on a South Korean warship in March, which caused the deaths of 46 sailors.
At a press conference, the South Korean Defense Minister, Kim Tae-Young, informed that the South Korean navy will carry out these military exercises on the peninsula following the International Security Resolution against Weapons of Mass Destruction.
South Korea will also actively participate in joint maneuvers which will take place in September in Australia, added the minister.
Despite Seoul not participating in the initiative's international exercises in order to not provoke Pyongyang, in May 2009, after the second North Korean nuclear test, the nation decided to join as an observer and now advocates a more active participation.
Furthermore, Seoul foresees joining the United States in their anti–submarine maneuvers in South Korean waters and will resume Psychological warfare tactics against the communist regime in North Korea, such as broadcasting propaganda via loud speakers in the demilitarized zone, which had been suspended since 2004.
The objectives of these measures are to keep North Korea from "making any further provocation and so that they recognize that any illegal action will lead to an immediate response", said the Defense Minister.
Shortly after this announcement, the North Korean regime, with their habitual warlike eloquence, assured that it will fire upon all loud speakers in the demilitarized zone if Seoul broadcasts propaganda.
Portuguès a Anglès: Public Health Policy-making General field: Ciències socials Detailed field: Govern / Política
Text d'origen - Portuguès Formulação de política em termos de saúde pública e utilização de evidências
A introdução a este tópico foi adaptada de C. Althaus, P. Bridgman e G. Davis (2007): The Australian Policy Handbook. 4.ª ed. Sydney: Allen & Unwin
"Uma política pode ser descrita como um documento administrativo escrito que apresenta em pormenor uma acção geral e deliberada no sentido de guiar decisões e atingir resultados racionais.
É a resposta à pergunta:
“O que queremos fazer?”
As políticas de saúde permitem uma mais fácil tomada de decisões organizacionais importantes, incluindo a identificação de alternativas distintas tais como programas ou prioridades a nível da despesa, escolhendo de entre estes com base no seu impacto futuro.
As políticas de saúde são da habitual responsabilidade de agências governamentais.
As organizações de saúde não governamentais geralmente estruturam as suas políticas em linha com as dos países de acolhimento.
A distinção entre política, estratégia e táctica não é sempre clara, dado que as políticas formuladas ao mais alto nível governamental (por exemplo, políticas de vacinação) se tornam estratégias quando são adaptadas pelos departamentos de saúde pública, e tácticas quando adaptadas ao nível das clínicas de vacinação e dos governos locais.
A política difere da:
1) Legislação (por exemplo, Leis de Saúde Pública): Enquanto a legislação pode obrigar ou proibir comportamentos (por exemplo, uma lei que exija o pagamento de impostos sobre o rendimento), a política apenas orienta as acções no sentido daqueles com maior probabilidade de atingir os resultados pretendidos.
2) Estratégia (por exemplo, objectivos estratégicos de um programa nacional de vacinação): A estratégia consiste num plano coerente de médio prazo com o objectivo de obter um resultado final.
Responde à pergunta: “Como vamos fazer o que pretendemos?”.
A estratégia (de qualquer tipo) geralmente aborda os fins, modos, meios e riscos.
Desenvolvimento de políticas – Ciclo de política
Um ciclo de política é um instrumento utilizado na análise do desenvolvimento, implementação e avaliação de uma questão de política.
Também pode ser designado uma "abordagem faseada".
Os ciclos de política sublinham a natureza dinâmica e provisória do desenvolvimento de políticas, sendo que o planeamento da implementação e a avaliação estão estreitamente ligados.
Um ciclo de política procura desagregar um fenómeno complexo em etapas acessíveis.
É normativo, o que sugere uma sequência convencional à qual os administradores podem recorrer para compreender e implementar políticas.
Habitualmente começa com um problema, procura evidências, testa propostas e dirige recomendações aos órgãos de gestão."
Quais os factores, para além das evidências, que influenciam o processo de formulação de política e os resultados?
Como se pode aumentar a utilização de evidências aquando da formulação de política?
Quais os mecanismos de ligação com os intervenientes?
Que estratégias de comunicação levaram os planeadores a utilizar os dados que recebem?
Como utilizam os planeadores a informação disseminada?
Este documento da Comissão Estatística das Nações Unidas é uma primeira tentativa de dar resposta às questões anteriores.
Traducció - Anglès Policy-making in Public Health and Use of Evidence
The introduction to this topic was adapted from C. Althaus, P. Bridgman and G. Davis (2007): The Australian Policy Handbook, 4th edition, Sydney, Allen & Unwin.
"A policy can be described as a written administrative document that represents in detail a general and debated resolution, which can be used to guide decision-making and achieve rational results.
It can be defined as the answer to the question:
What should we do?
Health policy allow for an easier decision-making process regarding important organisational decisions, which includes the identification of different alternatives along the lines of action plans or expenditure-related priorities, choosing between these based on their future impact.
Health policy is usually the responsibility of Government agencies.
Non-governmental health organisations generally base their policies following those of their home countries.
The distinction between policy, strategy and deployment aren't always clear-cut, given that policy formed at the highest level of Government (such as vaccination policy) becomes strategy when adapted by public health departments, and deployment when adapted at vaccination clinic or local government levels.
Policy differs from:
1) Legislation (for example, Public Health Law): Whilst legislation can impose or prohibit certain behaviour (for example, a law which forces people to pay tax on their income), policy may only guide actions for those with a greater likelihood of achieving the intended results.
2) Strategy (for example, the strategic objectives of a national vaccination programme): Strategy consists of a coherent mid-term plan with the goal of obtaining an end result.
It can answer the question: "How are we going to carry out what we intend to do?"
Strategy (any type) generally touches upon the goals, methods, means and risks.
Policy Development - The Policy Cycle
The Policy Cycle is an instrument utilised in the analysis of the development, implementation and assessment of a policy issue.
It can also be referred to as a "Phased Approach".
Policy Cycles emphasise the dynamic and provisional nature of policy development, being as the planning of implementation and its assessment are closely linked.
A Policy Cycle aims to do away with a complex phenomenon in manageable stages.
It's normative, which suggests a conventional sequence officials can turn to in order to comprehend and implement policies.
It usually begins with a problem, searches for evidence, tests proposals and then directs recommendations to the appropriate channels.
What are the factors beyond the evidence which influence the process of policy-making and its results?
How can the use of evidence be augmented in the policy-making process?
What are the methods for liaising with the parties?
What communication strategies lead planners to utilise the data they receive?
How do planners use the information available?
This document from the United Nations Statistics Commission is a first attempt to respond to questions above.
Anglès a Portuguès (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia) Espanyol a Anglès (Escuela Oficial de Idiomas) Anglès (NCTJ) Portuguès (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia) Espanyol a Portuguès (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia)
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Personal Summaries: Danilo, a Brazilian Doctor, graduated from one of the best Medical Schools in Brazil, 6 years’ experience in Medical and Scientific text translation.
• Doctor of Medicine (MD) – Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) (2005-2011)
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Christopher, a British Language Teacher, Trainer & Translator, has 7 years’ experience translating for various companies including Uberaba City Hall, IBM Spain, Pelayo Insurance Company, National Science & Technology Council (Mexico) among others.
• Mastery Course in Translation ENG-ESP, Escuela Oficial de Idiomas, Madrid (2008-2009)
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